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Vehicle interiors, mobility & combustion sources
13 endnotes
Endnote 1
Topic context:
Sources on plastic additives and VOC/SVOC emissions from components in vehicle interiors.
Svobodová, P., Jílková, S. R., Kohoutek, J., Audy, O., Šenk, P., Melymuk, L. (2025). High levels of flame retardants in vehicle dust indicate ongoing use of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in vehicle interiors. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197, 396.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-13822-z
)
Endnote 2
Topic context:
Sources on the temperature-dependent increase of emissions in vehicle interiors.
Wang, H., Zheng, J., Yang, T., He, Z., Zhang, P., Liu, X., Zhang, M., Sun, L., Yu, X., Zhao, J., Liu, X., Xu, B., Tong, L., Xiong, J. (2020). Predicting the emission characteristics of VOCs in a simulated vehicle cabin environment based on small-scale chamber tests: Parameter determination and validation. Environment International, 142, 105817.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105817
)
Endnote 3
Topic context:
Sources on microplastics and abrasion particles in the air of vehicle interiors.
Abbasi, S., Alirezazadeh, M., Razeghi, N., Rezaei, M., Pourmahmood, H., Dehbandi, R., Rastegari Mehr, M., Yavar Ashayeri, S., Oleszczuk, P., Turner, A. (2022). Microplastics captured by snowfall: A study in Northern Iran. Science of the Total Environment, 822, 153451.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153451
)
Yakovenko, N., Pérez-Serrano, L., Segur, T., Hagelskjaer, O., Margenat, H., Le Roux, G., Sonke, J. E. (2025). Human exposure to PM10 microplastics in indoor air. PLOS ONE, 20(7), e0328011.
(
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0328011
)
Endnote 4
Topic context:
Sources on uneven air distribution and possible higher exposure in the rear of vehicles.
Chang, T.-B., Sheu, J.-J., Huang, J.-W., Lin, Y.-S., Chang, C.-C. (2018). Development of a CFD model for simulating vehicle cabin indoor air quality. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 62, 433–440.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.03.018
)
Tran, P. T. M., Kalairasan, M., Beshay, P. F. R., Balasubramanian, R. (2024). In-car occupants' exposure to airborne fine particles under different ventilation settings: Practical implications. Atmospheric Environment, 318, 120271.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120271
)
Endnote 5
Topic context:
Sources on rapidly increasing exposure under unfavourable conditions in vehicles.
Salthammer, T., Uhde, E. (Hrsg.) (2009). Organic Indoor Air Pollutants: Occurrence, Measurement, Evaluation. 2nd completely revised edition. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. (2010). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. WHO Regional Office for Europe. ISBN 978-92-890-0213-4
Grundstein, A., Meentemeyer, V., Dowd, J. (2009). Maximum vehicle cabin temperatures under different meteorological conditions. International Journal of Biometeorology, 53(3), 255–261.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0211-x
)
Endnote 53
Topic context:
Sources on evaporative fuel losses while stationary and in enclosed garages.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2001). Control of Evaporative Emissions from New and In-Use Portable Gasoline Containers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
California Air Resources Board (2014). Evaporative Emissions from On-Road and Small Off-Road Gasoline Engines and Equipment, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento.
Endnote 54
Topic context:
Sources on off-gassing gasoline components and their accumulation in indoor spaces such as garages.
Batterman, S., Jia, C., Hatzivasilis, G. (2007). Migration of volatile organic compounds from attached garages to residences: a major exposure source. Environmental Research, 104(2), 224–240.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2006.05.008
)
World Health Organization. (2010). WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
Endnote 58
Topic context:
Sources on limited fresh air supply in modern vehicle ventilation systems and its consequences for cabin air.
Atkinson, W., Macrae, W. R. H., Mathur, G. D. (2017). The Impact of Increased Air Recirculation on Interior Cabin Air Quality. SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0169.
(
https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0169
)
Jung, H. S., Grady, M. L., Victoroff, T., Miller, A. L. (2017). Simultaneously reducing CO2 and particulate exposures via fractional recirculation of vehicle cabin air. Atmospheric Environment, 160, 11–18.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.04.014
)
Endnote 145
Topic context:
Sources on increased pollutant release from damp wood or unfavourable wood combustion.
Guerrero, F., Yáñez, K., Vidal, V., Cereceda-Balic, F. (2019). Effects of wood moisture on emission factors for PM2.5, particle numbers and particulate-phase PAHs from Eucalyptus globulus combustion using a controlled combustion chamber for emissions. Science of the Total Environment, 648, 737–744.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.057
)
Shen, G., Xue, M., Wei, S., Chen, Y., Zhao, Q., Li, B., Wu, H., Tao, S. (2013). Influence of fuel moisture, charge size, feeding rate and air ventilation conditions on the emissions of PM, OC, EC, parent PAHs, and their derivatives from residential wood combustion. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(9), 1808–1816
Endnote 147
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
European Academies’ Science Advisory Council (EASAC) (2018). Commentary on Forest Bioenergy and Carbon Neutrality. EASAC, 15.06.2018.
Endnote 148
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
Nussbaumer, T., Czasch, C., Klippel, N., Johansson, L., Tullin, C. (2019). Effect of Stove Technology and Combustion Conditions on Gas and Particulate Emissions from Residential Biomass Combustion. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(4), 2209–2219.
(
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05020
)
Endnote 149
Topic context:
Sources on increased pollutant release from damp wood or unfavourable wood combustion.
Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Klimaschutz, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMUKN). Verordnung über kleine und mittlere Feuerungsanlagen (1. BImSchV), § 3 Abs. 1: Brennstoffe nach Paragraph 3 Absatz 1.
Endnote 206
Topic context:
Sources on limited fresh air supply in modern vehicle ventilation systems and its consequences for cabin air.
Knibbs, L. D., de Dear, R. J., Atkinson, S. E. (2018). Carbon dioxide accumulation inside vehicles: The effect of ventilation and driving conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 610–611, 1448–1456.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.105
)
Indoor air, ventilation & CO₂
52 endnotes
Endnote 6
Topic context:
Sources on uneven air distribution and possible higher exposure in the rear of vehicles.
Endnote 7
Topic context:
Sources on uneven air distribution and possible higher exposure in the rear of vehicles.
Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., Fisk, W. J. (2012). Is CO2 an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO2 concentrations on human decision-making performance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(12), 1671–1677.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104789
)
Bailey, J. E., Argyropoulos, S. V., Kendrick, A. H., Nutt, D. J. (2013). Carbon dioxide inhalation as a human experimental model of panic: The relationship between emotions and cardiovascular physiology. Biological Psychology, 92(2), 331–337.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.06.004
)
Woods, S. W., Charney, D. S., Goodman, W. K., Heninger, G. R. (1988). Carbon dioxide-induced anxiety: Behavioral, physiologic, and biochemical effects of carbon dioxide in patients with panic disorders and healthy subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(1), 43–52.
Endnote 10
Topic context:
Sources on headaches or migraine and possible air-related triggers.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2019). NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Carbon dioxide. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Letzte Überarbeitung: 30. Oktober 2019.
Seppänen, O. A., Fisk, W. J., Mendell, M. J. (1999). Association of ventilation rates and CO₂ concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air, 9(4), 226–252.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00003.x
)
Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., Fisk, W. J. (2012). Is CO₂ an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO₂ concentrations on human decision-making performance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(12), 1671–1677.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104789
)
Endnote 11
Topic context:
Sources on distinguishing slowly decreasing oxygen from rapidly increasing CO₂ in indoor spaces.
Hall, J. E., Hall, M. E. (2021). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 14. Auflage. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8
Endnote 12
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., Fisk, W. J. (2012). Is CO₂ an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO₂ concentrations on human decision-making performance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(12), 1671–1677.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104789
)
Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., Spengler, J. D. (2016). Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: A controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 805–812.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037
)
Endnote 13
Topic context:
Sources on possible pollutant mixtures in poorly ventilated basements.
Zhu, S., Li, K., Xue, Y., et al. (2022). Vertically-resolved indoor measurements of air pollution during Chinese cooking. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 12, 100200.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2022.100200
)
Price, D. J., Arthur, Z. A., Wallace, L. M. M., et al. (2021). Spatial and temporal scales of variability for indoor air constituents. Communications Chemistry, 4, 107.
(
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-021-00548-5
)
Mavrakis, A., Mitsakou, C., Hatzianastassiou, N., et al. (2014). Indoor air quality in a bar/restaurant before and after the smoking ban in Athens, Greece. Science of the Total Environment, 476–477, 136–143.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.129
)
Endnote 15
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Wainman, T., Zhang, J., Weschler, C. J., Lioy, P. J. (2000). Ozone and limonene in indoor air: a source of submicron particle exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(12), 1139–1145.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.001081139
)
Endnote 16
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., Fisk, W. J. (2012). Is CO₂ an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO₂ concentrations on human decision-making performance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(12), 1671–1677.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104789
)
Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., Spengler, J. D. (2016). Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: A controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 805–812.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037
)
Leibold, N. K., Viechtbauer, W., Goossens, L., De Cort, K., Griez, E. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Steinbusch, H. W. M., van den Hove, D. L. A., Schruers, K. R. J. (2013). Carbon dioxide inhalation as a human experimental model of panic: The relationship between emotions and cardiovascular physiology. Biological Psychology, 94(2), 331–340.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.06.004
)
Endnote 17
Topic context:
Sources on fragrances in cleaning and laundry products and their possible misperception as “freshness”.
Vehviläinen, T., Lindholm, H., Rintamäki, H., Pääkkönen, R., Hirvonen, A., Niemi, O., Vinha, J. (2016). High indoor CO₂ concentrations in an office environment increases the transcutaneous CO₂ level and sleepiness during cognitive work. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 13(1), 19–29.
(
https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2015.1076160
)
Pandit, J. J., Mohan, R. M., Paterson, N. D., Poulin, M. J. (2007). Cerebral blood flow sensitivities to CO₂ measured with steady-state and modified rebreathing methods. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 159(1), 34–44.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2007.05.007
)
Brothers, R. M., Lucas, R. A. I., Zhu, Y.-S., Crandall, C. G., Zhang, R. (2014). Cerebral vasomotor reactivity: steady-state versus transient changes in carbon dioxide tension. Experimental Physiology, 99(11), 1499–1510.
(
https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2014.081190
)
Endnote 18
Topic context:
Sources on natural and ageing-related emissions from wood.
Singer, B. C., Destaillats, H., Hodgson, A. T., Nazaroff, W. W. (2006). Cleaning products and air fresheners: Emissions and resulting concentrations of glycol ethers and terpenoids. Indoor Air, 16(3), 179–191.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00414.x
)
Endnote 19
Topic context:
Sources on possible pollutant mixtures in poorly ventilated basements.
Wainman, T., Zhang, J., Weschler, C. J., Lioy, P. J. (2000). Ozone and limonene in indoor air: A source of submicron particle exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(12), 1139–1145.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.001081139
)
Endnote 21
Topic context:
Sources on fragrances in cleaning and laundry products and their possible misperception as “freshness”.
Cain, W. S., Leaderer, B. P., Isseroff, R., Berglund, L. G., Huey, R. J., Lipsitt, E. D., Perlman, D. (1992). Adaptation to indoor air pollution. Environment International, 18(1), 43–54.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(92)90209-M
)
Endnote 26
Topic context:
Sources on headaches or migraine and possible air-related triggers.
Elser, H., Kruse, C. F. G., Schwartz, B. S., Casey, J. A. (2024). The Environment and Headache: a Narrative Review. Current Environmental Health Reports, 11(2), 184–203.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-024-00449-4
)
Wang, J., Norbäck, D., Hedlund, U., Sundell, J., Hägerhed-Engman, L. (2021). The home environment in a nationwide sample of multi-family buildings in Sweden: associations with ocular, nasal, throat and dermal symptoms, headache, and fatigue among adults. Indoor Air, 31(4), 1135–1147.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12787
)
Endnote 28
Topic context:
Sources on CO₂ reference values and the assessment of ventilation conditions in indoor spaces.
Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., Spengler, J. D. (2016). Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 805–812.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037
)
Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., Fisk, W. J. (2012). Is CO2 an Indoor Pollutant? Direct Effects of Low-to-Moderate CO2 Concentrations on Human Decision-Making Performance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(12), 1671–1677.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104789
)
Endnote 29
Topic context:
Sources on particulate matter exposure and health consequences.
Baudet, A., Baurès, E., Blanchard, O., Le Cann, P., Gangneux, J.-P., Florentin, A. (2022). Indoor Carbon Dioxide, Fine Particulate Matter and Total Volatile Organic Compounds in Private Healthcare and Elderly Care Facilities. Toxics, 10(3), 136.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030136
)
Endnote 30
Topic context:
Sources on VOC emissions from everyday objects and indoor materials.
Strøm-Tejsen, P., Zukowska, D., Wargocki, P., Wyon, D. P. (2016). The effects of bedroom air quality on sleep and next-day performance. Indoor Air, 26(5), 679–686.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12254
)
Endnote 37
Topic context:
Sources on rapidly rising CO₂ and learning or performance impairments in classrooms.
Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., Fisk, W. J. (2012). Is CO₂ an Indoor Pollutant? Direct Effects of Low-to-Moderate CO₂ Concentrations on Human Decision-Making Performance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(12), 1671–1677.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104789
)
Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., Spengler, J. D. (2016). Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 805–812
Petersen, S., Jensen, K. L., Pedersen, A. L. S., Rasmussen, H. S. (2016). The effect of increased classroom ventilation rate indicated by reduced CO₂ concentration on the performance of schoolwork by children. Indoor Air, 26(3), 366–379.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12210
)
Endnote 38
Topic context:
Sources on mould, building-related factors and health-related perception of indoor spaces.
Twardella, D., Matzen, W., Lahrz, T., Burghardt, R., Spegel, H., Hendrowarsito, L., Frenzel, A. C., Fromme, H. (2012). Effect of classroom air quality on students’ concentration: results of a cluster-randomized cross-over experimental study. Indoor Air, 22(5), 378–387.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00774.x
)
Myhrvold, A. N., Olsen, E., Lauridsen, O. (1996). Indoor environment in schools – pupils’ health and performance in regard to CO₂ concentrations. In Proceedings of Indoor Air ’96: The 7th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Vol. 4, S. 369–374), Nagoya, Japan
Endnote 39
Topic context:
Sources on cognitive effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations.
Chen, X., Zhang, X., de Dear, R., Li, B., Cao, B., Huang, L., Zhang, Y. (2023). Short-term exposure to indoor carbon dioxide and cognitive task performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Building and Environment, 237, 110331.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110331
)
Endnote 45
Topic context:
Sources on limitations and side effects of air purifiers and filtration technologies.
Maximoff, S. N., Mittal, R., Kaushik, A., Dhau, J. S. (2023). Performance evaluation of activated carbon sorbents for indoor air purification during normal and wildfire events. Chemosphere, 329, 138551.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.138551
)
Endnote 47
Topic context:
Sources on VOC exposure and irritant effects in washrooms and sanitary areas.
Endnote 49
Topic context:
Sources on cognitive effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations.
Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., Spengler, J. D. (2016). Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 805–812.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037
)
Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., Fisk, W. J. (2012). Is CO₂ an Indoor Pollutant? Direct Effects of Low-to-Moderate CO₂ Concentrations on Human Decision-Making Performance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(12), 1671–1677.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104789
)
Endnote 51
Topic context:
Sources on possible pollutant mixtures in poorly ventilated basements.
World Health Organization. (2010). WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. Formaldehyde. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
Endnote 74
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
World Health Organization (2021). WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide, World Health Organization, Genf.
Endnote 86
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
Kalangara, J. P., Galor, A., Levitt, R. C., Felix, E. R., Alegret, R., Sarantopoulos, C. D. (2016). Burning Eye Syndrome: Do Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms Underlie Chronic Dry Eye? Pain Medicine, 17(4), 746–755.
(
https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnv070
)
Hempel-Jørgensen, A., Kjaergaard, S. K., Mølhave, L., Hudnell, K. H. (1999). Sensory eye irritation in humans exposed to mixtures of volatile organic compounds. Archives of Environmental Health, 54(6), 416–424.
(
https://doi.org/10.1080/00039899909603373
)
Jheng, Y.-T., Chuang, K.-C., Chen, C.-C., Lin, C.-C. (2023). Indoor air pollution and human ocular diseases: Associated contaminants and underlying pathological mechanisms. Chemosphere, 311(Pt 2), 137037.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137037
)
Endnote 93
Topic context:
Sources on chemical by-products from reactions of VOCs with ozone or other oxidants.
Wolkoff, P., Nielsen, G. D. (2020). Indoor air chemistry: Terpene reaction products and airway effects. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 224, 113439.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113439
)
Coleman, B. K., Lunden, M. M., Destaillats, H., Nazaroff, W. W. (2008). Secondary organic aerosol from ozone-initiated reactions with terpene-rich household products. Atmospheric Environment, 42(35), 8234–8245.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.031
)
Endnote 120
Topic context:
Sources on ventilation concepts and construction requirements for airtight buildings.
Chrysikou, E. (2019). Psychiatric Institutions and the Physical Environment: Combining Medical Architecture Methodologies and Architectural Morphology to Increase Our Understanding. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2019, 4076259.
(
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4076259
)
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. (2009). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.
Endnote 128
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Kruza, M., Lewis, A. C., Morrison, G. C., Carslaw, N. (2017). Impact of surface ozone interactions on indoor air chemistry: A modeling study. Indoor Air, 27(5), 1001–1011.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12381
)
Chen, C., Zhao, B. (2011). Review of relationship between indoor and outdoor particles: I/O ratio, infiltration factor and penetration factor. Atmospheric Environment, 45(2), 275–288.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.048
)
Endnote 133
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Seppänen, O. A., Fisk, W. J., Mendell, M. J. (1999). Association of ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air, 9(4), 226–252.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00003.x
)
Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., Fisk, W. J. (2012). Is CO2 an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO2 concentrations on human decision-making performance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(12), 1671–1677.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104789
)
Endnote 134
Topic context:
Sources on flu-like symptom patterns without confirmed viral detection.
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. (2010). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. ISBN 9789289002134
Endnote 144
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. (2009). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. ISBN 978-92-890-4168-3 Sundell, J., Levin, H., Nazaroff, W. W., Cain, W. S., Fisk, W. J., Grimsrud, D. T., Gyntelberg, F., Li, Y., Persily, A. K., Pickering, A. C., Samet, J. M., Spengler, J. D., Taylor, S. T., & Weschler, C. J. (2011). Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature. Indoor Air, 21(3), 191–204.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00703.x
)
Endnote 150
Topic context:
Sources on respiratory physiology and the uptake of airborne substances.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA Technical Manual (OTM), Section II: Chapter 3 – Technical Equipment: Oxygen Sensors and Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.
Endnote 155
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Endnote 156
Topic context:
Sources on appetite regulation, obesity and possible environmental chemicals as influencing factors.
O'Driscoll, B. R., Howard, L. S., Earis, J., Mak, V.; British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Group (2017). BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax, 72(Suppl 1), ii1–ii90.
(
https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209729
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Endnote 157
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Lüthi, D., Le Floch, M., Bereiter, B., Blunier, T., Barnola, J.-M., Siegenthaler, U., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Fischer, H., Kawamura, K., Stocker, T. F. (2008). High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 years before present. Nature, 453, 379–382.
(
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06949
)
Endnote 158
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L. P., Langenfelds, R. L., Francey, R. J., Barnola, J.-M., Morgan, V. I. (1996). Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 101(D2), 4115–4128.
(
https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD03410
)
Endnote 168
Topic context:
Sources on possible pollutant mixtures in poorly ventilated basements.
WHO Regional Office for Europe (2009). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
Endnote 169
Topic context:
Sources on uneven air distribution and possible higher exposure in the rear of vehicles.
Morawska, L., Allen, J., Bahnfleth, W., Bluyssen, P. M., Boerstra, A., Buonanno, G., Cao, J., Dancer, S. J., Floto, A., Franchimon, F., Greenhalgh, T., Haworth, C., Hogeling, J., Isaxon, C., Jimenez, J. L., Kurnitski, J., Li, Y., Loomans, M., Marks, G., Marr, L. C., Mazzarella, L., Melikov, A. K., Miller, S., Milton, D. K., Nazaroff, W., Nielsen, P. V., Noakes, C., Peccia, J., Prather, K., Querol, X., Sekhar, C., Seppänen, O., Tanabe, S.-I., Tang, J. W., Tellier, R., Tham, K. W., Wargocki, P., Wierzbicka, A., Yao, M. (2021). A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection. Science, 372(6543), 689–691.
(
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg2025
)
Endnote 170
Topic context:
Sources on mould, building-related factors and health-related perception of indoor spaces.
Seppänen, O. A., Fisk, W. J., Mendell, M. J. (1999). Association of ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air, 9(4), 226–252.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00003.x
)
Endnote 176
Topic context:
Sources on plastic additives and VOC/SVOC emissions from components in vehicle interiors.
Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND) (2011). Kitas sind überdurchschnittlich hoch mit Weichmachern belastet – Hintergrundinformationen zur BUND-Aktion „Kitas unter der Lupe – Zukunft ohne Gift“. Stand: 22. März 2011.
Fromme, H., Lahrz, T., Kraft, M., Fembacher, L., Dietrich, S., Sievering, S., Burghardt, R., Schuster, R., Bolte, G., Völkel, W. (2013). Phthalates in German daycare centers: Occurrence in air and dust and the excretion of their metabolites by children (LUPE 3). Environment International, 61, 64–72.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.006
)
Fromme, H., Lahrz, T., Piloty, M., Gebhart, H., Oddoy, A., Rüden, H. (2004). Occurrence of phthalates and musk fragrances in indoor air and dust from apartments and kindergartens in Berlin (Germany). Indoor Air, 14(3), 188–195.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00223.x
)
Endnote 183
Topic context:
Sources on emissions and secondary chemistry from cleaning agents and disinfectants.
Siegel, J. A., Waring, M. S., Wells, J. R. (2011). Secondary organic aerosol formation from ozone reactions with single terpenoids and terpenoid mixtures. Atmospheric Environment, 45(25), 4235–4242.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.001
)
Endnote 185
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Morrison, G. C., Nazaroff, W. W. (2002). Ozone interactions with carpet: Secondary emissions of aldehydes. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(10), 2185–2192.
(
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0113089
)
Endnote 187
Topic context:
Sources on uneven air distribution and possible higher exposure in the rear of vehicles.
Riley, M., Siriwardena, A. N., Hoyle, S. A. (2022). A rapid review of the impact of increasing airtightness on indoor air quality. Journal of Building Engineering, 57, 104798.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104798
)
Endnote 191
Topic context:
Sources on mould, building-related factors and health-related perception of indoor spaces.
Martin, E., Khan, T., Chasar, D., Sonne, J., Rosenberg, S. I., Antonopoulos, C. A., Metzger, C. E., Chan, W. R., Singer, B., Lubliner, M. (2020). Characterization of Mechanical Ventilation Systems in New US Homes: What Types of Systems Are Out There and Are They Functioning as Intended? ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings / FSEC Energy Research Center, Report FSEC-PF-484-20
Endnote 192
Topic context:
Sources on mould, building-related factors and health-related perception of indoor spaces.
Moore, M. (2016). The Case for Mechanical Ventilation and Air Tightness Requirements in Florida. Home Ventilating Institute.
Endnote 200
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
World Health Organization. (2010). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. ISBN 978-92-890-0213-4
Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., Spengler, J. D. (2016). Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: A controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 805–812. D. E., Balmes, J. R., Cowl, C. T., De Matteis, S., Jung, S.-H., Mortimer, K., Perez-Padilla, R., Rice, M. B., Riojas-Rodriguez, H., Sood, A., Thurston, G. D., To, T., Vanker, A., Wuebbles, D. J. (2019). Air pollution and noncommunicable diseases: A review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies’ Environmental Committee, Part 1: The damaging effects of air pollution. Chest, 155(2), 409–416.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037Schraufnagel , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.042
)
Endnote 202
Topic context:
Sources on CO₂ reference values and the assessment of ventilation conditions in indoor spaces.
Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe Innenraumrichtwerte der Innenraumlufthygiene-Kommission des Umweltbundesamtes und der Obersten Landesgesundheitsbehörden. (2008). Gesundheitliche Bewertung von Kohlendioxid in der Innenraumluft. Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheitsschutz, 51, 1358–1369.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-008-0707-2
)
Endnote 203
Topic context:
Sources on CO₂ reference values and the assessment of ventilation conditions in indoor spaces.
Satish, U., Mendell, M. J., Shekhar, K., Hotchi, T., Sullivan, D., Streufert, S., Fisk, W. J. (2012). Is CO₂ an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO₂ concentrations on human decision-making performance. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(12), 1671–1677.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104789
)
Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., Spengler, J. D. (2016). Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: A controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 805–812.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP140
)
Endnote 204
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Umweltbundesamt. (2008). Gesundheitliche Bewertung von Kohlendioxid in der Innenraumluft – Mitteilungen der Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe Innenraumrichtwerte der Innenraumlufthygiene-Kommission (IRK) des Umweltbundesamtes und der Obersten Landesgesundheitsbehörden, Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau.
Persily, A., de Jonge, L. (2017). Carbon Dioxide Generation Rates for Building Occupants, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, 868–879.
Endnote 205
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Seppänen, O. A., Fisk, W. J., Mendell, M. J. (1999). Association of ventilation rates and CO₂ concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air, 9(4), 226–252.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00003.x
)
Endnote 207
Topic context:
Sources on fresh air supply, rising CO₂ levels and health or cognitive effects in indoor spaces.
Karanasiou, A., Viana, M., Querol, X., Moreno, T., de Leeuw, F. (2014). Assessment of personal exposure to particulate air pollution during commuting in European cities—recommendations and policy implications. Science of the Total Environment, 490, 785–797.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.036
)
de Nazelle, A., Bode, O., Orjuela, J. P. (2022). How can ventilation be improved on public transportation buses? Insights from CO₂ measurements. Environment International, 161, 107109. T., Reche, C., Rivas, I., Minguillón, M. C., Martins, V., Vargas, C., Buonanno, G., Parga, J., Pandolfi, M., Brines, M., Ealo, M., Fonseca, A. S., Amato, F., Sosa, G., Capdevila, M., de Miguel, E., Querol, X., Gibbons, W. (2015). Urban air quality comparison for bus, tram, subway and pedestrian commutes in Barcelona. Environmental Research, 142, 495–510.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.107109Moreno , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.022
)
Endnote 221
Topic context:
Sources on rapidly rising CO₂ and learning or performance impairments in classrooms.
Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe Innenraumrichtwerte der Innenraumlufthygiene-Kommission des Umweltbundesamtes. (2008). Gesundheitliche Bewertung von Kohlendioxid in der Innenraumluft. Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundheitsschutz, 51, 1358–1369.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-008-0707-2
)
VOCs, materials, fragrances & indoor chemistry
31 endnotes
Endnote 8
Topic context:
Sources on VOC exposure and irritant effects in washrooms and sanitary areas.
Wolkoff, P., Schneider, T., Kildesø, J., Degerth, R., Jaroszewski, M., Schunk, H. (1998). Risk in cleaning: Chemical and physical exposure. Science of the Total Environment, 215(1–2), 135–156.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00110-7
)
Endnote 9
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
Wolkoff, P., Wilkins, C. K., Clausen, P. A., Nielsen, G. D. (2006). Organic compounds in office environments – sensory irritation, odor, measurements and the role of reactive chemistry. Indoor Air, 16(1), 7–19.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00393.x
)
Endnote 14
Topic context:
Sources on VOC exposure and irritant effects in washrooms and sanitary areas.
Waring, M. S., Wells, J. R. (2020). The atmospheric chemistry of indoor environments. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 22(10), 1808–1841.
(
https://doi.org/10.1039/C9EM00386J
)
Endnote 20
Topic context:
Sources on fragrances in cleaning and laundry products and their possible misperception as “freshness”.
Endnote 46
Topic context:
Sources on VOC exposure and irritant effects in washrooms and sanitary areas.
Schwarz, A., Coggon, M. M., Zhou, Y., Vibenholt, A., Jorgensen, S., Delaval, T. V., Hellweg, S., Lamkaddam, H., Slowik, J. G., Prévôt, A. S. H., Li, Z. (2023). Removal of volatile organic compounds by mobile air cleaners: Dynamics, limitations, and possible side effects. Building and Environment, 240, 110541.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110541
)
Endnote 50
Topic context:
Sources on VOC emissions from everyday objects and indoor materials.
Zhang, J., Ding, X., Hou, Y., Li, L., Ri, A., Choi, K., Dong, S. (2022). Indoor VOCs exposure induced Parkinson-like behaviors through autophagy dysfunction and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 440, 129818.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129818
)
Zheng, J., Wu, M., Pang, Y., Liu, Q., Liu, Y., Jin, X., Tang, J., Bao, L., Niu, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, R. (2024). Interior decorative volatile organic compounds exposure induces sleep disorders through aberrant branched chain amino acid transaminase 2 mediated glutamatergic signaling resulting from a neuroinflammatory cascade. Science of the Total Environment, 934, 173254.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173254
)
Endnote 70
Topic context:
Sources on VOC emissions from everyday objects and indoor materials.
Gore, A. C., Chappell, V. A., Fenton, S. E., Flaws, J. A., Nadal, A., Prins, G. S., Toppari, J., Zoeller, R. T. (2015). EDC-2: The Endocrine Society’s Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocrine Reviews, 36(6), E1–E150.
(
https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2015-1010
)
Endnote 71
Topic context:
Sources on VOC emissions from everyday objects and indoor materials.
World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme. (2013). State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals 2012. World Health Organization
Kahn, L. G., Philippat, C., Nakayama, S. F., Slama, R., Trasande, L. (2020). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: implications for human health. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 8(8), 703–718.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30129-7
)
Endnote 91
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
Steinemann, A. C., MacGregor, I. C., Gordon, S. M., Gallagher, L. G., Davis, A. L., Ribeiro, D. S., Wallace, L. A. (2011). Fragranced consumer products: Chemicals emitted, ingredients unlisted. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 31(3), 328–333.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2010.08.002
)
Steinemann, A., Nematollahi, N. (2020). Migraine headaches and fragranced consumer products: an international population-based study. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(4), 387–390.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00807-9
)
Coleman, B. K., Lunden, M. M., Destaillats, H., Nazaroff, W. W. (2008). Secondary organic aerosol from ozone-initiated reactions with terpene-rich household products. Atmospheric Environment, 42(35), 8234–8245.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.031
)
Endnote 140
Topic context:
Sources on VOC exposure and irritant effects in washrooms and sanitary areas.
Antonelli, M., Donelli, D., Barbieri, G., Valussi, M., Maggini, V., Firenzuoli, F. (2020). Forest Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Effects on Human Health: A State-of-the-Art Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6506.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186506
)
Endnote 151
Topic context:
Sources on respiratory physiology and the uptake of airborne substances.
Endnote 152
Topic context:
Sources on microplastics and abrasion particles in the air of vehicle interiors.
Miller, M. R., Raftis, J. B., Langrish, J. P., McLean, S. G., Samutrtai, P., Connell, S. P., Wilson, S., Vesey, A. T., Fokkens, P. H. B., Boere, A. J. F., Krystek, P., Campbell, C. J., Hadoke, P. W. F., Donaldson, K., Cassee, F. R., Newby, D. E., Duffin, R., Mills, N. L. (2017). Inhaled nanoparticles accumulate at sites of vascular disease. ACS Nano, 11(5), 4542–4552.
(
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b08551
)
Cao, G., Cai, Z. (2023). Getting Health Hazards of Inhaled Nano/Microplastics into Focus: Expectations and Challenges. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(9), 3099–3101.
(
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00029
)
Christou, A., Giechaskiel, B., Olofsson, U., Grigoratos, T. (2025). Review of Health Effects of Automotive Brake and Tyre Wear Particles. Toxics, 13(4), 301.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13040301
)
Cho, H., Kim, K., Han, Y.-J., Park, Y.-H., Lee, S.-B., Song, M. (2023). Metal contents and size distributions of brake and tire wear particles dispersed in the near-road environment. Science of the Total Environment, 883, 163561.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163561
)
Collins, D. B., Farmer, D. K. (2020). Indoor secondary organic aerosols: Towards an improved representation of their formation and composition in models. Atmospheric Environment, 240, 117784.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117784
)
Endnote 153
Topic context:
Sources on plastic additives and VOC/SVOC emissions from components in vehicle interiors.
Weschler, C. J., Salthammer, T., Fromme, H. (2008). Partitioning of phthalates among the gas phase, airborne particles and settled dust in indoor environments. Atmospheric Environment, 42(7), 1449–1460.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.014
)
Weschler, C. J., Morrison, G. C., Bekö, G., Koch, H. M., Salthammer, T., Schripp, T., Toftum, J., Clausen, G. (2018). Inhalation and Dermal Uptake of Particle and Gas-Phase Phthalates—A Human Exposure Study. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(21), 12792–12800.
(
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03761
)
Endnote 154
Topic context:
Sources on VOC exposure and irritant effects in washrooms and sanitary areas.
Brugnone, F., Perbellini, L., Faccini, G. B., Pasini, F., Danzi, B., Maranelli, G., Romeo, L., Gobbi, M., Zedde, A. (1989). Benzene in the blood and breath of normal people and occupationally exposed workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 16(4), 385–399.
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700160406
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Wigaeus, E., Holm, S., Åstrand, I. (1981). Exposure to acetone. Uptake and elimination in man. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 7(2), 84–94.
(
https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2561
)
Endnote 159
Topic context:
Sources on the metabolism of VOCs and possible toxic intermediates.
Bhardwaj, P., Rai, N., Kumari, K., Baurai, V. A., Chaurasia, A. K., Kumar, A., Abbas, M., Khan, F., Kumar, V., & Singh, L. (2021). A review of environmental occurrence, toxicity, biotransformation and biomonitoring of volatile organic compounds. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3, 91–116.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2021.01.001
)
Dorne, J. L. C. M. (2007). Human variability in hepatic and renal elimination: implications for risk assessment. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 27(5), 411–420.
(
https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1255
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Endnote 160
Topic context:
Sources on emissions from materials, cleaning products, fragrances and chemical reactions in indoor spaces.
Maia, M. L., Sousa, S., Pestana, D., Faria, A., Teixeira, D., Delerue-Matos, C., Domingues, V. F., & Calhau, C. (2022). Impact of brominated flame retardants on lipid metabolism: An in vitro approach. Environmental Pollution, 294, 118639.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118639
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Pelch, K. E., Carll, A. P., Phillips, C. L., Nagel, S. C. (2022). The role of adipose tissue analysis on environmental pollutants biomonitoring in women: The European scenario. Science of the Total Environment, 806, 150922.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150922
)
Endnote 161
Topic context:
Sources on microplastics and abrasion particles in the air of vehicle interiors.
Peters, A., Veronesi, B., Calderón-Garcidueñas, L., Gehr, P., Chen, L. C., Geiser, M., Reed, W., Rothen-Rutishauser, B., Schürch, S., Schulz, H. (2006). Translocation and potential neurological effects of fine and ultrafine particles: a critical update. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 3, 13.
(
https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-3-13
)
Elder, A., Gelein, R., Silva, V., Feikert, T., Opanashuk, L., Carter, J., Potter, R., Maynard, A., Ito, Y., Finkelstein, J., Oberdörster, G. (2006). Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(8), 1172–1178.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9030
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Li, J., Wang, H. (2023). Selective organ targeting nanoparticles: from design to clinical translation. Nanoscale Horizons, 8, 1155–1173.
(
https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NH00145H
)
Delaney, S., Rodriguez, C., Sarrett, S. M., Dayts, E. J., Zeglis, B. M., Keinänen, O. (2023). Unraveling the in vivo fate of inhaled micro- and nanoplastics with PET imaging. Science of the Total Environment, 904, 166320.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166320
)
Endnote 162
Topic context:
Sources on microplastics and abrasion particles in the air of vehicle interiors.
Nihart, A. J., Valenzuela, C. A., Karey, E., Hlavaty, C., Wellman, M., Petersen, C., Poon, Y. F., Wang, Y., Del Rio-Guerra, R., Cobb, K., Martínez-Morata, I., Morales-DelaCruz, X., Campen, M. J. (2025). Bioaccumulation of microplastics in decedent human brains. Nature Medicine, 31, 1114–1119.
(
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03453-1
)
Endnote 163
Topic context:
Sources on possible pollutant mixtures in poorly ventilated basements.
Uppu, R. M., Cueto, R., Squadrito, G. L., Pryor, W. A. (1995). What does ozone react with at the air/lung interface? Model studies using human red blood cell membranes. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 319(1), 257–266.
(
https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1995.1290
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Umansky, C., et al. (2022). Endogenous formaldehyde scavenges cellular glutathione resulting in redox disruption and cytotoxicity. Nature Communications, 13, Article 893.
(
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28242-7
)
Teng, S., Beard, K., Pourahmad, J., Moridani, M., Easson, E., Poon, R., O’Brien, P. J. (2001). The formaldehyde metabolic detoxification enzyme systems and molecular cytotoxic mechanism in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 130–132, 285–296.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2797(00)00272-6
)
Endnote 164
Topic context:
Sources on possible pollutant mixtures in poorly ventilated basements.
International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2012). Formaldehyde. In: A review of human carcinogens: Chemical agents and related occupations. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 100F, 401–435. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Endnote 171
Topic context:
Sources on emissions from materials, cleaning products, fragrances and chemical reactions in indoor spaces.
Kim, S., Hong, S.-H., Bong, C.-K., Cho, M.-H. (2015). Characterization of air freshener emission: the potential health effects. Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 40(5), 535–550.
(
https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.40.535
)
Hagvall, L., Bäcktorp, C., Svensson, S., Nyman, G., Börje, A., Karlberg, A.-T. (2007). Fragrance Compound Geraniol Forms Contact Allergens on Air Exposure. Identification and Quantification of Oxidation Products and Effect on Skin Sensitization. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 20(5), 807–814.
(
https://doi.org/10.1021/tx700017v
)
Warburton, T., Grange, S. K., Hopkins, J. R., Andrews, S. J., Lewis, A. C., Owen, N., Jordan, C., Adamson, G., Xia, B. (2023). The impact of plug-in fragrance diffusers on residential indoor VOC concentrations. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 25, 805–817.
(
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00444E
)
Endnote 172
Topic context:
Sources on emissions from materials, cleaning products, fragrances and chemical reactions in indoor spaces.
Endnote 173
Topic context:
Sources on mould, building-related factors and health-related perception of indoor spaces.
Kim, S., Hong, S.-H., Bong, C.-K., Cho, M.-H. (2015). Characterization of air freshener emission: the potential health effects. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 40(5), 535–550.
(
https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.40.535
)
Warburton, T., Grange, S. K., Hopkins, J. R., Andrews, S. J., Lewis, A. C., Owen, N., Jordan, C., Adamson, G., Xia, B. (2023). The impact of plug-in fragrance diffusers on residential indoor VOC concentrations. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 25, 805–817.
(
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EM00444E
)
Dalton, P., Claeson, A.-S., Horenziak, S. (2020). The Impact of Indoor Malodor: Historical Perspective, Modern Challenges, Negative Effects, and Approaches for Mitigation. Atmosphere, 11(2), 126.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020126
)
Endnote 177
Topic context:
Sources on emissions from materials, cleaning products, fragrances and chemical reactions in indoor spaces.
Lyche, J. L., Gutleb, A. C., Bergman, Å., Eriksen, G. S., Murk, A. J., Saunders, M., Skaare, J. U. (2009). Reproductive and developmental toxicity of phthalates. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 12(4), 225–249.
(
https://doi.org/10.1080/10937400903094091
)
Qian, Y., Shao, H., Ying, X., Huang, W., Hua, Y. (2020). The Endocrine Disruption of Prenatal Phthalate Exposure in Mother and Offspring. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 366.
(
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00366
)
Endnote 182
Topic context:
Sources on emissions and secondary chemistry from cleaning agents and disinfectants.
Singer, B. C., Coleman, B. K., Destaillats, H., Hodgson, A. T., Lunden, M. M., Weschler, C. J., Nazaroff, W. W. (2006). Indoor secondary pollutants from cleaning product and air freshener use in the presence of ozone. Atmospheric Environment, 40(35), 6696–6710.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.005
)
Endnote 184
Topic context:
Sources on emissions from materials, cleaning products, fragrances and chemical reactions in indoor spaces.
Tang, X., Misztal, P. K., Nazaroff, W. W., Goldstein, A. H. (2024). Does green mean clean? Volatile organic emissions from regular versus green cleaning products. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 26(2), 206–220.
(
https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EM00439B
)
Endnote 186
Topic context:
Sources on emissions from materials, cleaning products, fragrances and chemical reactions in indoor spaces.
Zheng, G., Filippelli, G. M., Salamova, A. (2020). Increased Indoor Exposure to Commonly Used Disinfectants during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 7(10), 760–765.
(
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00587
)
Zhang, X., Shen, Y., Yang, F., Dzakpasu, M., Wang, X. C. (2021). Increased disinfection byproducts in the air resulting from intensified disinfection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 418, 126249.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126249
)
Eggers, M., Baumann, A., Lilienthal, N., Steinmann, E., Steinmann, J., Hübner, N.-O., Rabenau, H. F., Weinheimer, V., Schwebke, I. (2022). Desinfektionsmittel in der COVID (Corona Virus Disease)-19-Pandemie: eine Herausforderung. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 65(1), 86–95.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-021-03457-z
)
Endnote 188
Topic context:
Sources on criticism of the climate balance of wood combustion.
Wang, H., Zhang, R., Kong, H., Wang, K., Sun, L., Yu, X., Zhao, J., Xiong, J., Tran, P. T. M., Balasubramanian, R. (2024). Long-term emission characteristics of VOCs from building materials. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 480, 136337.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136337
)
Endnote 189
Topic context:
Sources on mould, building-related factors and health-related perception of indoor spaces.
Endnote 217
Topic context:
Sources on respiratory physiology and the uptake of airborne substances.
Endnote 218
Topic context:
Sources on VOC exposure and irritant effects in washrooms and sanitary areas.
Roster, C. A., Ferrari, J. R., Jurkat, M. P. (2016). The dark side of home: Assessing possession ‘clutter’ on subjective well-being. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 46, 32–41.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.03.003
)
Dodson, R. E., Perovich, L. J., Covaci, A., Van den Eede, N., Ionas, A. C., Dirtu, A. C., Brody, J. G., Rudel, R. A. (2017). Consumer Product Chemicals in Indoor Dust: A Quantitative Meta-analysis of U.S. Studies. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(2), 1069–1079.
(
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02023
)
Mental health, stress, depression, anxiety, suicide & behavior
27 endnotes
Endnote 22
Topic context:
Sources on daytime fatigue and the role of environmental and lifestyle factors.
Calhoun, S. L., Vgontzas, A. N., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Mayes, S. D., Tsaoussoglou, M., Rodriguez-Muñoz, A., Bixler, E. O. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of hypersomnolence symptoms in US teens. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(7), 712–720.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.435
)
Wang, Z.-Y., Liu, Z.-Z., Jia, C.-X., Liu, X. (2019). Age at menarche, menstrual problems, and daytime sleepiness in Chinese adolescent girls. Sleep, 42(6), zsz061.
(
https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz061
)
Endnote 35
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Moloney, F., Amini, J., Sinyor, M., Schaffer, A., Lanctôt, K. L., Mitchell, R. H. B. (2024). Sex Differences in the Global Prevalence of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA Network Open, 7(6), e2415406.
(
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.15406
)
Xiao, Q., Song, X., Huang, L., Hou, D., Huang, X. (2022). Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 912441.
(
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.912441
)
Endnote 36
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Xiao, Q., Song, X., Huang, L., Hou, D., Huang, X. (2022). Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 912441.
(
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.912441
)
Endnote 55
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in U.S. Adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
)
Endnote 56
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
Robert Koch-Institut. (2018). Psychische Auffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Querschnittergebnisse aus KiGGS Welle 2 und Trends. Journal of Health Monitoring, 3(3), 37–45.
(
https://doi.org/10.17886/RKI-GBE-2018-077
)
Endnote 59
Topic context:
Sources on the epidemiological classification of suicide and suicidal crises.
Xu, J. Q., Murphy, S. L., Kochanek, K. D., Arias, E. (2025). Deaths: Final Data for 2023. National Vital Statistics Reports, 74(10). National Center for Health Statistics.
UNICEF. (2021). The State of the World’s Children 2021: On My Mind – Promoting, protecting and caring for children’s mental health. Europe regional brief. UNICEF.
Endnote 72
Topic context:
Sources on appetite regulation, obesity and possible environmental chemicals as influencing factors.
Thayer, K. A., Heindel, J. J., Bucher, J. R., Gallo, M. A. (2012). Role of environmental chemicals in diabetes and obesity: a National Toxicology Program workshop review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(6), 779–789.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104597
)
De Coster, S., van Larebeke, N. (2012). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: associated disorders and mechanisms of action. Journal of Environmental Public Health, 2012, 713696.
(
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/713696
)
Rönn, M., Lind, L., Örberg, J., Kullberg, J., Söderberg, S., Larsson, A., Johansson, L., Ahlström, H., Lind, P. M. (2014). Bisphenol A is related to circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin, but not to fat mass or fat distribution in humans. Chemosphere, 112, 42–48.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.042
)
Endnote 75
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Hartman, D. E. (1998). Missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of environmental toxicant exposure: The psychiatry of toxic exposure and multiple chemical sensitivity. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(3), 659–670.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70030-7
)
nstitute of Medicine. (1988). The Cause for Concern: An Analysis of the Problem. In: Role of the Primary Care Physician in Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Frank, A. L., Schumann, S. H., Roberts, E. M., et al. (2011). Integrating Environmental Health Into Medical Education. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(4 Suppl 3), S296–S301.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.007
)
Kligler, B., Pinto Zipp, G., Rocchetti, C., Secic, M., Ihde, E. S. (2021). The impact of integrating environmental health into medical school curricula: a survey-based study. BMC Medical Education, 21, 40.
(
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02458-x
)
Endnote 79
Topic context:
Sources on tinnitus and possible links to environmental exposures.
Kleinjung, T., Peter, N., Schecklmann, M., Langguth, B. (2024). The Current State of Tinnitus Diagnosis and Treatment: a Multidisciplinary Expert Perspective. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 25(5), 413–425.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-024-00960-3
)
Langguth, B., De Ridder, D., Schlee, W., Kleinjung, T. (2024). Tinnitus: Clinical Insights in Its Pathophysiology—A Perspective. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 25(3), 249–258.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-024-00939-0
)
Elgoyhen, A. B., Langguth, B., De Ridder, D., Vanneste, S. (2015). Tinnitus: perspectives from human neuroimaging. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16, 632–642.
(
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn4003
)
Makar, S. K., Mukundan, G., Gore, G., Kantamaneni, K., Prabhu, P. (2017). Current perspectives of tinnitus and its therapeutic options. European Geriatric Medicine, 8(2), 121–126.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2015.01.004
)
Endnote 82
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Shumway, N. K., Cole, E., Heins Fernandez, K. (2016). Neurocutaneous disease: Neurocutaneous dysesthesias. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 74(2), 215–228.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.04.059
)
Smyth, D., Kramarz, C., Carr, A. S., Rossor, A. M., Lunn, M. P. T. (2023). Toxic neuropathies: a practical approach. Practical Neurology, 23(2), 120–130.
(
https://doi.org/10.1136/pn-2022-003444
)
Endnote 96
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Di Tella, M., Castelli, L. (2018). Psychological impact of fibromyalgia: current perspectives. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 11, 117–127.
(
https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S178240
)
Endnote 97
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Jurado-Priego, L. N., Cueto-Ureña, C., Ramírez-Expósito, M. J., Martínez-Martos, J. M. (2024). Fibromyalgia: A Review of the Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Multidisciplinary Treatment Strategies. Biomedicines, 12(7), 1543.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071543
)
Endnote 101
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Black, J., Sweeney, L., Yuan, Y., Singh, H., Norton, C., Czuber-Dochan, W. (2022). Systematic review: the role of psychological stress in inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 56(8), 1235–1249.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17202
)
Endnote 103
Topic context:
Sources on typical symptoms of hypothyroidism.
Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A. C., Bauer, A. J., Burman, K. D., Cappola, A. R., Celi, F. S., Cooper, D. S., Kim, B. W., Peeters, R. P., Rosenthal, M. S., Sawka, A. M. (2014). Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the American Thyroid Association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid, 24(12), 1670–1751.
(
https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2014.0028
)
Endnote 104
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Cyna, W., Wojciechowska, A., Szybiak-Skora, W., Lacka, K. (2024). The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Development of Autoimmune Thyroiditis—Review. Biomedicines, 12(8), 1788.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081788
)
Endnote 106
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Wohlrab, J., Bechara, F. G., Schick, C., Naumann, M. (2023). Hyperhidrosis: A Central Nervous Dysfunction of Sweat Secretion. Dermatology and Therapy, 13(2), 453–463.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-022-00885-w
)
Endnote 117
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Wisłowska-Stanek, A., Jarkiewicz, M., Mirowska-Guzel, D. (2025). Rebound effect, discontinuation, and withdrawal syndromes associated with drugs used in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacological Reports, 77(2), 303–314.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-024-00689-z
)
Lupolover, R., Ward, J. (1982). Rebound Phenomena: Results of a 10 Years’ (1970–1980) Literature Review. International Pharmacopsychiatry, 17(4), 194–327.
(
https://doi.org/10.1159/000468579
)
Endnote 118
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Gunderson, J. G., Herpertz, S. C., Skodol, A. E., Torgersen, S., Zanarini, M. C. (2018). Borderline personality disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 4, 18029.
(
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.29
)
Endnote 119
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Chrysikou, E. (2019). Psychiatric Institutions and the Physical Environment: Combining Medical Architecture Methodologies and Architectural Morphology to Increase Our Understanding. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2019, 4076259.
(
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4076259
)
Endnote 132
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Kortenkamp, A., Backhaus, T., Faust, M. (2009). State of the Art Report on Mixture Toxicity. Final Report to the European Commission, Directorate General for the Environment. Study Contract No. 070307/2007/485103/ETU/D.1
Carpenter, D. O., Arcaro, K., Spink, D. C. (2002). Understanding the human health effects of chemical mixtures. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(Suppl 1), 25–42.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110s125
)
Endnote 138
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Tsunetsugu, Y., Park, B. J., Miyazaki, Y. (2010). Trends in research related to “Shinrin-yoku” (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing) in Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15(1), 27–37.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009-0091-z
)
Endnote 139
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Park, B. J., Tsunetsugu, Y., Kasetani, T., Kagawa, T., Miyazaki, Y. (2010). The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15(1), 18–26.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009-0086-9
)
deno, Y., Hayashi, K., Abe, Y., Ueda, K., Iso, H., Noda, M., Lee, J. S., Suzuki, S. (2017). Blood pressure-lowering effect of Shinrin-yoku (forest bathing): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 409.
(
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1912-z
)
Antonelli, M., Barbieri, G., Donelli, D. (2019). Effects of forest bathing (shinrin-yoku) on levels of cortisol as a stress biomarker: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Biometeorology, 63(8), 1117–1134.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01717-x
)
Endnote 166
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Hu, H., Rabinowitz, M., Smith, D. (1998). Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: conceptual paradigms. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106(1), 1–8.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.981061
)
Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M. S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., Catalano, A. (2020). The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 3782.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113782
)
Endnote 180
Topic context:
Sources on why invisible environmental hazards are psychologically difficult to grasp.
Meyer, H. W., Mølhave, L., Løvhøj, A., et al. (2004). Symptoms attributed to the environment – a systematic, interdisciplinary assessment. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 207(3), 245–254.
(
https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00286
)
Endnote 181
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E. (2016). Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. American Psychologist, 71(8), 670–679.
(
https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000059
)
Endnote 193
Topic context:
Sources on mental slowing, brain fog and cognitive impairment in an environmental context.
Florida Department of Health. (2025). 2022 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data Book. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Health.
Lipson, S. K., Alonso, M. A., Vincent, K. B., Walsh, S. M., Jackson, S. L., Kemp, J., et al. (2023). Association Between Insufficient Sleep, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidality Among Florida High School Students. Preventing Chronic Disease, 20, 220403.
Endnote 197
Topic context:
Sources on links between environmental exposure, stress regulation, mental symptoms and behavior.
Lipson, S. K., Alonso, M. A., Vincent, K. B., Walsh, S. M., Jackson, S. L., Kemp, J., et al. (2023). Association Between Insufficient Sleep, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidality Among Florida High School Students. Preventing Chronic Disease, 20, 220403.
Cognition, learning, brain fog & ADHD
11 endnotes
Endnote 23
Topic context:
Sources on attention, learning, mental clarity and possible links to environmental and air-related factors.
Baumgartner, S. E., Sumter, S. R., Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J. (2021). Bedtime media use and sleep: Evidence for bidirectional effects and associations with attention control in adolescents. Sleep Health, 7(4), 491–499.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2021.05.003
)
Uslu, E., Özsaban, A., Çağan, Ö. (2021). Social Jetlag in adolescents: From a nursing perspective. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 34(4), 276–282.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12332
)
Hena, M., Garmy, P. (2020). Social Jetlag and Its Association With Screen Time and Nighttime Texting Among Adolescents in Sweden: A Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 122.
(
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00122
)
Endnote 41
Topic context:
Sources on PTSD and the possible intensification of stress responses through environmental exposures.
Henze, G.-I., Konzok, J., Kreuzpointner, L., Bärtl, C., Peter, H., Giglberger, M., Streit, F., Kudielka, B. M., Kirsch, P., Wüst, S. (2020). Increasing Deactivation of Limbic Structures Over Psychosocial Stress Exposure Time. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 5(7), 697–704.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.04.002
)
Endnote 48
Topic context:
Sources on mental slowing, brain fog and cognitive impairment in an environmental context.
Rauch, S., Simon, J., Dineen, K., Black, S., Masellis, M., Freedman, M., Troyer, A. K., Kaczorowski, J., Larocque, N., Pringsheim, T., Stuss, D. T., Heisz, J. J., Anderson, N. D. (2024). Subjective brain fog: a four-dimensional characterization in 25,796 participants. Scientific Reports, 14, 14014.
(
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62005-1
)
Endnote 69
Topic context:
Sources on mental slowing, brain fog and cognitive impairment in an environmental context.
Webster-Cordero, F., Giménez-Llort, L. (2025). A Systematic Review on Subjective Cognitive Complaints: Main Neurocognitive Domains, Myriad Assessment Tools, and New Approaches for Early Detection. Geriatrics, 10(3), 65.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10030065
)
Montembeault, M., Stijelja, S., Brambati, S. M., Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2022). Self-reported word-finding complaints are associated with cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta and atrophy in cognitively normal older adults. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 14(1), e12274.
(
https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12274
)
Chui, A., Boccone, G., Rico, P., Ngo, V., Zhang, A., Colquhoun, H., Rotenberg, S. (2024). Everyday functioning among older adults with subjective cognitive decline: a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 46(24), 5761–5770.
(
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2024.2313127
)
Endnote 108
Topic context:
Sources on cognitive effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations.
Palladino, V. S., McNeill, R., Reif, A., Kittel-Schneider, S. (2019). Genetic risk factors and gene–environment interactions in adult and childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Genetics, 29(3), 63–78.
(
https://doi.org/10.1097/YPG.0000000000000220
)
Gu, Q., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Huang, A., Yu, X., Wu, K., Huang, Y. (2025). Association between heavy metals exposure and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(3), 921–941.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-024-02546-z
)
Li, Y., He, J., Li, T., et al. (2019). Dietary patterns and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 252, 160–173.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.061
)
Endnote 109
Topic context:
Sources on cognitive effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations.
Maisano, H., Chesebrough, C., Zhang, F., Daly, B., Beeman, M., Kounios, J. (2026). ADHD symptom magnitude predicts creative problem-solving performance and insight versus analysis solving modes. Personality and Individual Differences, 254, 113660.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2026.113660
)
Endnote 111
Topic context:
Sources on possible links between air pollutants and ADHD or ADHD-like symptoms.
Perera, F. P., Chang, H.-W., Tang, D., Roen, E. L., Herbstman, J., Margolis, A., Huang, T.-J., Miller, R. L., Wang, S., Rauh, V. (2014). Early-life exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ADHD behavior problems. PLOS ONE, 9(11), e111670.
(
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111670
)
Endnote 112
Topic context:
Sources on attention, learning, mental clarity and possible links to environmental and air-related factors.
Mortamais, M., Pujol, J., van Drooge, B. L., Macià, D., Martínez-Vilavella, G., Reynes, C., Sabatier, R., Rivas, I., Grimalt, J., Forns, J., Vilor-Tejedor, N., Alemany, S., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., Sunyer, J. (2017). Effect of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on basal ganglia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in primary school children. Environment International, 105, 12–19.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.011
)
Endnote 113
Topic context:
Sources on attention, learning, mental clarity and possible links to environmental and air-related factors.
Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., Jones, E. J. H., Jones, R. M., Pickles, A., State, M. W., Taylor, J. L., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6, 5.
(
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4
)
Endnote 114
Topic context:
Sources on attention, learning, mental clarity and possible links to environmental and air-related factors.
Kjeldsen, C. B., et al. (2024). Using polygenic scores in combination with symptom rating scales to identify attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 24, Article 469.
(
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05925-7
)
Endnote 141
Topic context:
Sources on attention, learning, mental clarity and possible links to environmental and air-related factors.
Ohly, H., White, M. P., Wheeler, B. W., Bethel, A., Ukoumunne, O. C., Nikolaou, V., Garside, R. (2016). Attention Restoration Theory: A systematic review of the attention restoration potential of exposure to natural environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 19(7), 305–343.
(
https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2016.1196155
)
Stevenson, M. P., Schilhab, T., Bentsen, P. (2018). Attention Restoration Theory II: A systematic review to clarify attention processes affected by exposure to natural environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 21(4), 227–268.
(
https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2018.1505571
)
Outdoor air, particulate matter, NO₂, ozone & weather
40 endnotes
Endnote 25
Topic context:
Sources on daytime fatigue and the role of environmental and lifestyle factors.
Liu, J., Wu, T., Liu, Q., Wu, S., Chen, J.-C. (2020). Air pollution exposure and adverse sleep health across the life course: A systematic review. Environmental Pollution, 262, 114263.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114263
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Fang, S. C., Schwartz, J., Yang, M., Yaggi, H. K., Bliwise, D. L., Araujo, A. B. (2015). Traffic-related air pollution and sleep in the Boston Area Community Health Survey. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 25(5), 451–456.
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https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2014.47
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Riemann, D., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Voderholzer, U., Berger, M., Perlis, M., Nissen, C. (2010). The hyperarousal model of insomnia: A review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(1), 19–31.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002
)
Kalmbach, D. A., Buysse, D. J., Cheng, P., Roth, T., Yang, A., Drake, C. L. (2020). Nocturnal cognitive arousal is associated with objective sleep disturbance and indicators of physiologic hyperarousal in good sleepers and individuals with insomnia disorder. Sleep Medicine, 71, 151–160.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.11.1184
)
Endnote 27
Topic context:
Sources on chemical by-products from reactions of VOCs with ozone or other oxidants.
Portt, A. E., Orchard, C., Chen, H., Ge, E., Lay, C., Smith, P. M. (2023). Migraine and air pollution: A systematic review. Headache, 63(9), 1203–1219.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/head.14632
)
Endnote 31
Topic context:
Sources on air pollutants as a possible factor influencing sleep quality.
Wang, Y., Xiong, L., Tang, M. (2017). Toxicity of inhaled particulate matter on the central nervous system: neuroinflammation, neuropsychological effects and neurodegenerative disease. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 37(6), 644–667.
(
https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3451
)
Endnote 32
Topic context:
Sources on skin health and possible influences of air pollutants.
Gu, X., Li, Z., Su, J. (2024). Air pollution and skin diseases: A comprehensive evaluation of the associated mechanism. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 278, 116429.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116429
)
Endnote 33
Topic context:
Sources on skin health and possible influences of air pollutants.
Paik, K., Na, J.-I., Huh, C.-H., Shin, J.-W. (2024). Particulate Matter and Its Molecular Effects on Skin: Implications for Various Skin Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(18), 9888.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2518988
)
Endnote 34
Topic context:
Sources on skin health and possible influences of air pollutants.
Vierkötter, A., Krutmann, J., Schikowski, T. (2018). Ambient Particulate Matter and Skin. In: Krutmann, J., Merk, H. F. (Hrsg.), Environment and Skin (S. 105–111). Springer, Cham.
(
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43102-4_8
)
Endnote 40
Topic context:
Sources on particulate matter exposure and health consequences.
Thomson, E. M. (2019). Air Pollution, Stress, and Allostatic Load: Linking Systemic and Central Nervous System Impacts. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 69(3), 597–614.
(
https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190015
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Bai, K.-J., Chuang, K.-J., Chen, C.-L., Jhan, M.-K., Hsiao, T.-C., Cheng, T.-J., Chang, L.-T., Chang, T.-Y., Chuang, H.-C. (2019). Microglial activation and inflammation caused by traffic-related particulate matter. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 311, 108762.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108762
)
Endnote 42
Topic context:
Sources on chemical by-products from reactions of VOCs with ozone or other oxidants.
Snow, S. J., Henriquez, A. R., Costa, D. L., Kodavanti, U. P. (2022). The contribution of the neuroendocrine system to adaption after repeated daily ozone exposure in rats. Toxicology, 447, 116085.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2022.116085
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Miller, D. B., Henriquez, A. R., Snow, S. J., Schladweiler, M. C., Kodavanti, U. P. (2022). Ozone-induced dysregulation of neuroendocrine axes requires adrenal-derived stress hormones. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 447, 116080.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2022.116080
)
Endnote 43
Topic context:
Sources on outdoor air pollutants, weather factors and their health effects.
Trushna, T., Dhiman, V., Raj, D., Tiwari, R. R. (2021). Effects of ambient air pollution on psychological stress and anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. Reviews on Environmental Health, 36(4), 501–521.
(
https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0125
)
Endnote 52
Topic context:
Sources on particulate matter exposure and health consequences.
Endnote 57
Topic context:
Sources on depression and possible environment-related co-factors.
Braithwaite, I., Zhang, S., Kirkbride, J. B., Osborn, D. P. J., Hayes, J. F. (2019). Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(12), 126002.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4595
)
Pun, V. C., Manjourides, J., Suh, H. (2017). Association of Ambient Air Pollution with Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Older Adults: Results from the NSHAP Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(3), 342–348.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP494
)
Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Shi, Y., Xiang, Q., Zhang, S., Chen, X. (2023). Exposure to ambient air pollution with depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms among adolescents: A national population-based study in China. Environmental Research, 229, 115992.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115992
)
Endnote 60
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
Grande, I., Berk, M., Birmaher, B., Vieta, E. (2016). Bipolar disorder, The Lancet, 387(10027), 1561–1572.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X
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Braithwaite, I., Zhang, S., Kirkbride, J. B., Osborn, D. P. J., Hayes, J. F. (2019). Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(12), 126002.
(
https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4595
)
Luo, Q., Zhou, T., Yang, H., et al. (2024). Long-term ambient air pollution and the risk of major mental disorder: A prospective cohort study, European Psychiatry, 67(1), e18.
(
https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1758
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Endnote 61
Topic context:
Sources on particulate matter exposure and health consequences.
Khan, A., Plana-Ripoll, O., Antonsen, S., Brandt, J., Geels, C., Landecker, H., Sullivan, P. F., Pedersen, C. B., Rzhetsky, A. (2019). Environmental pollution is associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorders in the US and Denmark. PLoS Biology, 17(8), e3000353.
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000353
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Newbury, J. B., Arseneault, L., Beevers, S., Kitwiroon, N., Roberts, S., Pariante, C. M., et al. (2019). Association of Air Pollution Exposure With Psychotic Experiences During Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry.
(
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0056
)
Endnote 62
Topic context:
Sources on particulate matter exposure and health consequences.
Khan, A., Plana-Ripoll, O., Antonsen, S., Brandt, J., Geels, C., Landecker, H., Sullivan, P. F., Pedersen, C. B., Rzhetsky, A. (2019). Environmental pollution is associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorders in the US and Denmark. PLoS Biology, 17(8), e3000353.
(
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000353
)
Endnote 63
Topic context:
Sources on particulate matter exposure and health consequences.
Hong, J., Kang, J. M., Cho, S.-E., Jung, J., Kang, S.-G. (2023). Significant association between increased risk of emergency department visits for psychiatric disorders and air pollutants in South Korea. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 33(3), 490–499.
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-022-00504-y
)
Endnote 64
Topic context:
Sources on particulate matter exposure and health consequences.
Endnote 65
Topic context:
Sources on particulate matter exposure and health consequences.
Pedersen, M., Stayner, L., Slama, R., Sørensen, M., Figueras, F., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Dadvand, P. (2014). Ambient air pollution and pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension, 64(3), 494–500.
(
https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03545
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Alvarado-Jiménez, D., Donzelli, G., Morales-Suárez-Varela, M. (2023). A systematic review on the association between exposure to air particulate matter during pregnancy and the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus. Reviews on Environmental Health, 39(4), 619–641.
(
https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2022-0258
)
Gao, S., Zhang, H., Kang, X., Cui, X. (2025). Prenatal PM2.5 exposure and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1650913.
(
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1650913
)
Endnote 66
Topic context:
Sources on air pollutants, irritability and aggressive behavior.
Herrnstadt, E., Heyes, A., Muehlegger, E., Saberian, S. (2021). Air Pollution and Criminal Activity: Microgeographic Evidence from Chicago. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 13(4), 70–100.
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https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20190091
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Bondy, M., Roth, S., Sager, L. (2020). Crime Is in the Air: The Contemporaneous Relationship between Air Pollution and Crime. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 7(3), 555–585.
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https://doi.org/10.1086/707127
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Burkhardt, J., Bayham, J., Wilson, A., Carter, E., Berman, J. D., O'Dell, K., Ford, B., Fischer, E. V., Pierce, J. R. (2019). The effect of pollution on crime: Evidence from data on particulate matter and ozone. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 98, 102267.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.102267
)
Endnote 67
Topic context:
Sources on outdoor air pollutants, weather factors and their health effects.
Petkus, A. J., Wang, X., Beavers, D. P., Chui, H. C., Espeland, M. A., Gatz, M., Gruenewald, T., Kaufman, J. D., Manson, J. E., Resnick, S. M., Stewart, J. D., Wellenius, G. A., Whitsel, E. A., Younan, D., Chen, J.-C. (2021). Outdoor air pollution exposure and inter-relation of global cognitive performance and emotional distress in older women. Environmental Pollution, 271, 116282.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116282
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Faherty, T., Raymond, J. E., McFiggans, G., Pope, F. D. (2025). Acute particulate matter exposure diminishes executive cognitive functioning after four hours regardless of inhalation pathway. Nature Communications, 16, 1339.
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56508-3
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Hou, Y., Gao, M., Huang, L., Wang, Q. (2021). Air Pollution Reduces Interpersonal Trust: The Roles of Emotion and Emotional Susceptibility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5631.
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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115631
)
Fu, P., Jiang, W., Tan, X., Shu, Y., Yang, L. (2025). Short-term attributable risk and economic burden of hospital admissions for anxiety disorders due to air pollution: a multicity time-stratified case-crossover study. Environmental Health, 24, 4.
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-025-01157-8
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Endnote 68
Topic context:
Sources on NO₂ as a possible factor influencing attention and impulse control.
Crowley, R., Alderman, E., Javadi, A.-H., Tamminen, J. (2024). A systematic and meta-analytic review of the impact of sleep restriction on memory formation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 167, 105929.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105929
)
Geto, A. K., Feleke, S. F., Yimer, A., Kidie, A. A., Tesfa, N. A., Mislu, E., Yesuf, H. A., Hailu, M., et al. (2025). The association between air pollution and cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global studies. BMC Public Health, 25, 3548.
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24560-9
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Alzahrani, H. (2024). Assessment of Vitamin B12 Efficacy on Cognitive Memory Function and Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus, 16(11), e73350.
(
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.73350
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Endnote 76
Topic context:
Sources on outdoor air pollutants, weather factors and their health effects.
Schraufnagel, D. E., Balmes, J. R., Cowl, C. T., De Matteis, S., Jung, S.-H., Mortimer, K., Perez-Padilla, R., Rice, M. B., Riojas-Rodriguez, H., Sood, A., Thurston, G. D., To, T., Vanker, A., Wuebbles, D. J. (2019). Air Pollution and Noncommunicable Diseases: A Review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies’ Environmental Committee, Part 2: Air Pollution and Organ Systems. Chest, 155(2), 417–426.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.041
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Frank, A. L., Schumann, S. H., Roberts, E. M., Becker, A., Doty, R. L., Hudnell, K., Murray, D., Sinks, T., Thorne, P. S. (2011). Integrating Environmental Health Into Medical Education. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(4 Suppl 3), S296–S301.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.007
)
Endnote 80
Topic context:
Sources on tinnitus and possible links to environmental exposures.
Lai, P.-Y., Lee, C.-Y., Chang, K.-H., Chang, Y.-K., Hsu, Y.-C., Chiu, I.-M., Tsai, S. C.-S., Cho, D.-Y., Lin, C.-L., Chuang, W.-L. (2025). The Risk of Developing Tinnitus and Air Pollution Exposure. Atmosphere, 16(5), 618.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050618
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Gohari, N., Hosseini Dastgerdi, Z., Mellati, A., Emami, S. F. (2025). Air Pollution and the Auditory System at Risk: A Narrative Review. Auditory and Vestibular Research, 34(3).
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https://doi.org/10.18502/avr.v34i3.18459
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Kim, S.-Y., Min, C., Kim, H. J., Park, B., Choi, H. G. (2022). Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and hearing loss in Korean adults. Science of the Total Environment, 820, 153124.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153124
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Endnote 107
Topic context:
Sources on outdoor air pollutants, weather factors and their health effects.
Fischer, S., Haas, F., Strahler, J. (2021). A Systematic Review of Thermosensation and Thermoregulation in Anxiety Disorders. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 784943.
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.784943
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Chuang, K.-J., Chan, C.-C., Su, T.-C., Lee, C.-T., Tang, C.-S. (2007). The effect of urban air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction in young adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 176(4), 370–376.
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https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200611-1627OC
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Li, Y., Breitner-Busch, S., Cascio, W. E., et al. (2025). Short-term association between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability: results from the population-based KORA S4 and FF4 studies. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 22, 26.
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-025-00645-6
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Endnote 110
Topic context:
Sources on particulate matter exposure and health consequences.
Ahmad, S., Naveen, K. G., Babu, A. M., Ranjan, R., Kumar, P. (2024). Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus, 16(10), e71527.
(
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.71527
)
Endnote 122
Topic context:
Sources on headaches or migraine and possible air-related triggers.
Li, S., Liu, Q., Ma, M., Fang, J., He, L. (2025). Association between weather conditions and migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, 272(5), 346.
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-025-13078-0
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Sato, J., Inagaki, H., Kusui, M., Yokosuka, M., Ushida, T. (2019). Lowering barometric pressure induces neuronal activation in the superior vestibular nucleus in mice. PLOS ONE, 14(1), e0211297.
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211297
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Zhang, J., Simoes, R., Guo, T., Cao, Y.-Q. (2024). Neuroimmune interactions in the development and chronification of migraine headache. Trends in Neurosciences, 47(10), 819–833.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2024.08.009
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Chuang, K.-J., Chan, C.-C., Su, T.-C., Lee, C.-T., Tang, C.-S. (2007). The effect of urban air pollution on inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and autonomic dysfunction in young adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 176(4), 370–376.
(
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200611-1627OC
)
Park, S. K., O’Neill, M. S., Vokonas, P. S., Sparrow, D., Schwartz, J. (2014). Oxidative stress and systemic inflammation as modifiers of cardiac autonomic responses to particulate air pollution. International Journal of Cardiology, 176(1), 166–170.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.012
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Endnote 125
Topic context:
Sources on fibromyalgia, chronic pain and possible influencing factors.
Kelly, F. J. (2003). Oxidative stress: its role in air pollution and adverse health effects. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60(8), 612–616.
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https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.8.612
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Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M. T. D., Mazur, M., Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 39(1), 44–84.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
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Carlsten, C., Sandhu, J. K., Foreman, M. G., et al. (2020). Acute exposure to traffic-related air pollution alters antioxidant status in healthy adults. Environmental Research, 191, 110027.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110027
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Endnote 127
Topic context:
Sources on outdoor air pollutants, weather factors and their health effects.
Endnote 129
Topic context:
Sources on uneven air distribution and possible higher exposure in the rear of vehicles.
Endnote 131
Topic context:
Sources on chemical by-products from reactions of VOCs with ozone or other oxidants.
Zhang, Y.-F., Zhang, L.-F., Zhang, H.-Y., Jiang, W., Li, G.-Y., Zhang, T.-P. (2024). Short-term exposure to gaseous pollutants is neglected factors for knee osteoarthritis: evidence from a humid subtropical region of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(2), 2920–2929.
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31374-y
)
Li, G., Li, C., Liu, H., Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, P., Zhang, H., Wu, S. (2025). Association of ambient air pollution with hospital admissions for major osteoarthritis diseases: A national case-crossover study in China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 297, 118255.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118255
)
Endnote 135
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
Endnote 136
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
Hiebl, J., Schöner, W. (2018). Temperature inversions in Austria in a warming climate – changes in space and time. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 27(4), 309–323.
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https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2018/0899
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Bugnard, A., Collaud Coen, M., Hervo, M., Leuenberger, D., Arpagaus, M., Monhart, S. (2025). Comparison of temperature and wind profiles between ground-based remote sensing observations and numerical weather prediction model in complex Alpine topography: the Meiringen campaign, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 18, 1039–1061.
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https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1039-2025
)
Endnote 137
Topic context:
Sources on environmental stimuli such as weather, brightness or perceived temperature.
The National Archives (2022). The Great Smog of 1952, The National Archives, London.
Bell, M. L., Davis, D. L. (2001). Reassessment of the lethal London fog of 1952: Novel indicators of acute and chronic consequences of acute exposure to air pollution, Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(Suppl. 3), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, S. 389–394.
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https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s3389
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Endnote 142
Topic context:
Sources on NO₂ as a possible factor influencing attention and impulse control.
Ahmad, S., G, N. K., Babu, A. M., Ranjan, R., Kumar, P. (2024). Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus, 16(10), e71527.
(
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.71527
)
Bølling, A. K., Pedersen, M., Oftedal, B., et al. (2025). The association of particulate matter PM2.5 and nitrogen oxides from ambient air pollution and mental health of children and young adults: a systematic review. PMID: 40074563
Endnote 143
Topic context:
Sources on NO₂ as a possible factor influencing attention and impulse control.
Calderón-Garcidueñas, L., Gónzalez-Maciel, A., Reynoso-Robles, R., Kulesza, R. J., Mukherjee, P. S., Torres-Jardón, R. (2016). How air pollution alters brain development: the role of neuroinflammation. Translational Neuroscience, 7(1), 24–30.
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https://doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2016-0005
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Lane, M., Oyster, E., Luo, Y., Wang, H. (2025). The Effects of Air Pollution on Neurological Diseases: A Narrative Review on Causes and Mechanisms. Toxics, 13(3), 207.
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https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13030207
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Sun, X., et al. (2020). Effects of prenatal exposure to NO₂ on children’s neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 29374–29385.
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08832-y
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Harris, M. H., et al. (2016). Prenatal and Childhood Traffic-Related Air Pollution Exposure and Childhood Executive Function and Behavior. Neurotoxicology, 53, 60–70
Endnote 146
Topic context:
Sources on criticism of the climate balance of wood combustion.
Kangas, L., Kukkonen, J., Kauhaniemi, M., Riikonen, K., Sofiev, M., Kousa, A., Niemi, J. V., Karppinen, A. (2024). The contribution of residential wood combustion to the PM2.5 concentrations in the Helsinki metropolitan area. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 24, 1489–1510.
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https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1489-2024
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Hesse, E., Tiwari, S., Sklorz, M., et al. (2023). Residential Wood Combustion in Germany: A Twin-Site Study of Local Village Contributions to Particulate Pollutants and Their Potential Health Effects. ACS Environmental Au, 3(2), 109–121.
(
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00035
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Endnote 165
Topic context:
Sources on possible pollutant mixtures in poorly ventilated basements.
Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Andersen, Z. J., Beelen, R., Samoli, E., Stafoggia, M., Weinmayr, G., Hoffmann, B., Fischer, P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Brunekreef, B., Xun, W. W., Katsouyanni, K., Dimakopoulou, K., Sommar, J., Forsberg, B., Modig, L., Oudin, A., Oftedal, B., Schwarze, P. E., Nafstad, P., De Faire, U., Pedersen, N. L., Östenson, C.-G., Fratiglioni, L., Penell, J., Korek, M., Pershagen, G., Eriksen, K. T., Sørensen, M., Tjønneland, A., Ellermann, T., Eeftens, M., Peeters, P. H., Meliefste, K., Wang, M., Bueno-de-Mesquita, B., Key, T. J., de Hoogh, K., Concin, H., Nagel, G., Vilier, A., Grioni, S., Krogh, V., Tsai, M.-Y., Ricceri, F., Sacerdote, C., Galassi, C., Migliore, E., Ranzi, A., Cesaroni, G., Badaloni, C., Forastiere, F., Tamayo, I., Amiano, P., Dorronsoro, M., Trichopoulou, A., Bamia, C., Vineis, P., Hoek, G. (2013). Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: Prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). The Lancet Oncology, 14(9), 813–822.
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https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1
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Turner, M. C., Jerrett, M., Pope, C. A., III, Krewski, D., Gapstur, S. M., Diver, W. R., Beckerman, B. S., Marshall, J. D., Su, J., Crouse, D. L., Burnett, R. T. (2016). Long-term ozone exposure and mortality in a large prospective study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 193(10), 1134–1142.
(
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201508-1633OC
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Endnote 178
Topic context:
Sources on outdoor air pollutants, weather factors and their health effects.
Vardoulakis, S., Giagloglou, E., Steinle, S., Davis, A., Sleeuwenhoek, A., Galea, K. S., Dixon, K., Crawford, J. O. (2020). Indoor Exposure to Selected Air Pollutants in the Home Environment: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8972.
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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238972
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Endnote 199
Topic context:
Sources on outdoor air pollutants, weather factors and their health effects.
Romieu, I., Castro-Giner, F., Künzli, N., Sunyer, J. (2008). Air pollution, oxidative stress and dietary supplementation: a review. European Respiratory Journal, 31(1), 179–197.
(
https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00128106
)
Endnote 201
Topic context:
Sources on NO₂ as a possible factor influencing attention and impulse control.
World Health Organization. (2018). Burden of disease from the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution for 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Delgado-Saborit, J. M., Cartanyà Hueso, À., Carrasco Espí, P., Hole, A. R., Esplugues Cebrián, A., Estarlich Estarlich, M., Ballester Díez, F. (2024). Assessment of the health impacts and costs associated with indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure related to gas cooking in the European Union and the United Kingdom. Castelló de la Plana: Universitat Jaume I.
GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. (2020). Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1223–1249.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2
)
World Health Organization. (2018). Burden of disease from the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution for 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Endnote 219
Topic context:
Sources on outdoor air pollutants, weather factors and their health effects.
Chiu, H.-C., Yang, R.-S., Weng, T.-I., Chiu, C.-Y., Lan, K.-C., Liu, S.-H. (2023). A ubiquitous endocrine disruptor tributyltin induces muscle wasting and retards muscle regeneration. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 14(1), 167–181.
(
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13119
)
Zhang, F., Li, T., Chen, B., Li, N., Zhang, X., Zhu, S., Zhao, G., Zhang, X., Ma, T., Zhou, F., Liu, H., Zhu, W. (2023). Air pollution weaken your muscle? Evidence from a cross-sectional study on sarcopenia in central China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 258, 114962.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114962
)
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2023). Reducing health risks from endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
Pain, fibromyalgia, neurology & sensory symptoms
12 endnotes
Endnote 77
Topic context:
Sources on calf cramps and their classification as a common, often nonspecific symptom.
Endnote 78
Topic context:
Sources on chronic pain, neurological symptoms, sensory processing and possible triggers.
Endnote 81
Topic context:
Sources on environmental stimuli such as weather, brightness or perceived temperature.
Labib, A., Burke, O., Nichols, A., Maderal, A. D. (2023). Approach to diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of generalized and nonlocal dysesthesia: A review. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 89(6), 1192–1200.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2023.06.063
)
Shumway, N. K., Cole, E., Heins Fernandez, K. (2016). Neurocutaneous disease: Neurocutaneous dysesthesias. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 74(2), 215–228.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.04.059
)
Endnote 83
Topic context:
Sources on chronic pain, neurological symptoms, sensory processing and possible triggers.
Labib, A., Burke, O., Nichols, A., Maderal, A. D. (2023). Approach to diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of generalized and nonlocal dysesthesia: A review. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 89(6), 1192–1200.
(
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2023.06.063
)
Endnote 84
Topic context:
Sources on chronic pain, neurological symptoms, sensory processing and possible triggers.
Tai, L. W., Yeung, S. C., Cheung, C. W. (2018). Enriched Environment and Effects on Neuropathic Pain: Experimental Findings and Mechanisms. Pain Practice, 18(8), 1068–1082.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12706
)
Endnote 85
Topic context:
Sources on eye irritation, dryness and possible chemical or climatic triggers.
Kalangara, J. P., Galor, A., Levitt, R. C., Felix, E. R., Alegret, R., Sarantopoulos, C. D. (2016). Burning Eye Syndrome: Do Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms Underlie Chronic Dry Eye? Pain Medicine, 17(4), 746–755.
(
https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnv070
)
Endnote 87
Topic context:
Sources on burning mouth syndrome and discussed local irritant factors.
Kohorst, J. J., Bruce, A. J., Torgerson, R. R., Schenck, L. A., Davis, M. D. P. (2015). The prevalence of burning mouth syndrome: a population-based study. British Journal of Dermatology, 172(6), 1654–1656.
(
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13613
)
Carreño-Hernández, I., Cassol-Spanemberg, J., Rodríguez de Rivera-Campillo, M. E., Estrugo-Devesa, A., López-López, J. (2021). Is Burning Mouth Syndrome a Neuropathic Pain Disorder? A Systematic Review. Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache, 35(3), 218–229.
(
https://doi.org/10.11607/ofph.2861
)
Kouri, M., Adamo, D., Vardas, E., Georgaki, M., Canfora, F., Mignogna, M. D., Nikitakis, N. G. (2024). Small Fiber Neuropathy in Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(21), 11442.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111442
)
Ślebioda, Z., Szponar, E. (2014). Burning mouth syndrome – a common dental problem in perimenopausal women. Przeglad Menopauzalny / Menopause Review, 13(3), 198–202.
(
https://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2014.43825
)
Endnote 95
Topic context:
Sources on diagnostic uncertainty in nonspecific symptom patterns.
Macfarlane, G. J., Kronisch, C., Dean, L. E., Atzeni, F., Häuser, W., Fluß, E., Choy, E., Kosek, E., Amris, K., Branco, J., Dincer, F., Leino-Arjas, P., Longley, K., McCarthy, G. M., Makri, S., Perrot, S., Sarzi-Puttini, P., Taylor, A., Jones, G. T. (2017). EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 76(2), 318–328.
(
https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209724
)
Jurado-Priego, L. N., Cueto-Ureña, C., Ramírez-Expósito, M. J., Martínez-Martos, J. M. (2024). Fibromyalgia: A Review of the Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Multidisciplinary Treatment Strategies. Biomedicines, 12(7), 1543.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071543
)
Endnote 121
Topic context:
Sources on headaches or migraine and possible air-related triggers.
Sato, J., Inagaki, H., Kusui, M., Yokosuka, M., Ushida, T. (2019). Lowering barometric pressure induces neuronal activation in the superior vestibular nucleus in mice. PLOS ONE, 14(1), e0211297.
(
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211297
)
Endnote 123
Topic context:
Sources on chronic pain, neurological symptoms, sensory processing and possible triggers.
St. Amand, R. Paul, Marek, Claudia Craig (2019). What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Fibromyalgia: The Revolutionary Treatment That Can Reverse the Disease. 4th edition. Grand Central Publishing, New York. ISBN 9781538713259
Endnote 126
Topic context:
Sources on chronic pain, neurological symptoms, sensory processing and possible triggers.
Choksi, N. Y., Kodavanti, P. R. S., Tilson, H. A., Booth, R. G. (1997). Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on brain tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis in rats. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 39(1), 76–80.
(
https://doi.org/10.1006/faat.1997.2351
)
Cory-Slechta, D. A. (1997). Relationships between Pb-induced changes in neurotransmitter system function and behavioral toxicity. Neurotoxicology, 18(3), 673–688
Endnote 208
Topic context:
Sources on chronic pain, neurological symptoms, sensory processing and possible triggers.
Additional clinical sources, reports & case literature
13 endnotes
Endnote 88
Topic context:
Sources on unexplained kidney enlargement and possible systemic burden factors.
Endnote 89
Topic context:
Sources on clinical symptom patterns, case reports and supplementary medical classification.
Wirtzfeld, N. (2023). Giant Hydronephrosis: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review. Urologia Internationalis, 107(6), 646–652.
(
https://doi.org/10.1159/000529033
)
Mizusugi, M., Kenzaka, T. (2023). Asymptomatic Idiopathic Renal Infarction Detected Incidentally on Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography: A Case Report. Medicina, 59(6), 1176.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061176
)
Endnote 90
Topic context:
Sources on clinical symptom patterns, case reports and supplementary medical classification.
Endnote 98
Topic context:
Sources on clinical symptom patterns, case reports and supplementary medical classification.
Endnote 99
Topic context:
Sources on gastrointestinal inflammatory and symptom patterns with systemic accompanying symptoms.
Gordon, H., Burisch, J., Ellul, P., et al. (2024). ECCO Guidelines on Extraintestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, 18(1), 1–37.
(
https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad108
)
Kilic, Y., Kamal, S., Jaffar, F., Sriranganathan, D., Quraishi, M. N., Segal, J. P. (2024). Prevalence of Extraintestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 30(2), 230–239.
(
https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izad061
)
Endnote 100
Topic context:
Sources on clinical symptom patterns, case reports and supplementary medical classification.
Endnote 130
Topic context:
Sources on clinical symptom patterns, case reports and supplementary medical classification.
Wallace, I. J., Worthington, S., Felson, D. T., Jurmain, R. D., Wren, K. T., Maijanen, H., Woods, R. J., Lieberman, D. E. (2017). Knee osteoarthritis has doubled in prevalence since the mid-20th century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(35), 9332–9336.
(
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703856114
)
Endnote 175
Topic context:
Sources on environmental stimuli such as weather, brightness or perceived temperature.
Autorengruppe Bildungsberichterstattung, Deutsches Jugendinstitut (2022). DJI-Kinderbetreuungsreport 2022: Inanspruchnahme und Betreuungsbedingungen in der Kindertagesbetreuung, Deutsches Jugendinstitut, München.
LBS-Initiative Junge Familie (2021). LBS-Kinderbarometer Deutschland 2021: Stimmungen, Trends und Meinungen von Kindern aus Deutschland, LBS, Münster.
Bertelsmann Stiftung (2023). Ländermonitor Frühkindliche Bildungssysteme 2023, Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh.
Tandon, P. S., Saelens, B. E., Zhou, C., Christakis, D. A. (2018). A comparison of preschoolers’ physical activity indoors versus outdoors at child care. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2463.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112463
)
Larouche, R., Garriguet, D., Gunnell, K. E., Goldfield, G. S., Tremblay, M. S. (2019). The impact of shorter, more frequent outdoor play periods on preschoolers’ physical activity during childcare: A cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4126.
(
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214126
)
Endnote 190
Topic context:
Sources on limited fresh air supply in modern vehicle ventilation systems and its consequences for cabin air.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2020/2021). Air conditioning was used in 88% of U.S. households; in Florida, 96% of households used air conditioning, with 90% using a central air-conditioning unit. U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Endnote 194
Topic context:
Sources on mental slowing, brain fog and cognitive impairment in an environmental context.
Alzheimer’s Association. (2024). 2024 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures. Chicago, IL: Alzheimer’s Association.
Florida Atlantic University. (2024). Florida Atlantic: Fighting Alzheimer’s Disease. Boca Raton, FL: Florida Atlantic University.
Endnote 195
Topic context:
Sources on mental slowing, brain fog and cognitive impairment in an environmental context.
Florida Department of Health. (2025). 2022 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data Book. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Health.
Endnote 196
Topic context:
Sources on mental slowing, brain fog and cognitive impairment in an environmental context.
Florida Department of Health. (2025). 2022 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data Book. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Health.
Endnote 198
Topic context:
Sources on clinical symptom patterns, case reports and supplementary medical classification.
Florida Department of Health. (2023). Florida Cancer Registry (Florida Cancer Data System). Tallahassee, FL.
American Cancer Society. (2023). Cancer Facts & Figures 2023. Atlanta, GA.
